Perslerin Anadolu’yu işgal edip imparatorluklarına bağlanması ile başlayan Greko-Pers olarak adlandırılan yeni bir sentez ortaya çıkar ve kendini tüm sanat dallarında olduğu gibi takıda da gösterir. Anadolu’da gelişim sürerken kıta Yunanistan’da (M.Ö. 5.yy.önderliğini Atina’nın yaptığı klasik kültür doğmuştur. Düşünce ve sanat alanında, gözlemci ve diyalektik ve idealizme dayanan parlak bir gelişme yaratılmıştır. Bu klasik kültür eski Akdeniz kültürlerinden kaynaklanmıştır.
Makedonya Krallığından Büyük İskender İmparatorluğuna geçiş
M.Ö 7.yüzyılda kurulmuş olan Makedonya krallığı, M.Ö 5.yüzyılda Grek dili ve kültürünün etkisine girmiştir. İskender’in babası II.Philip zamanında Batı Trakya’da bulunan altın madenleri işletilmeye başlanmış ve Yunanistan Makedonya egemenliğine girmiştir. Oğlu Büyük İskender’in Anadolu üzerinde yaptığı seferler sonucunda Pers imparatorluğu yıkılmış, yerine Hindistan’a kadar uzanan ve Kuzey Afrika’yı da içine alan Büyü İskender İmparatorluğu kurulmuştur. Böylece Grek kültürünün Akdeniz çevresi ve Ortadoğu kültürleri ile kaynaşması sonucu çok uluslu bir imparatorluk ürünü olan Helenistik kültürü doğar.
Batı Anadolu’daki Bergama Krallığı ile Mısır’daki Ptoleme Krallığı, çağların rakip merkezleri olarak, sürekli bir kültür ve sanat yarışı ortamında gelişirler. Bergama Krallığı 5.yüzyıl klasik kültürünün devamını Atina’dan devralarak sürdürür. Helenistlik çağıın en önemli heykelcilik okulu Bergama’da kurulur ve daha sonra Roma heykelciliğini etkiler. Bu dönemde bağımsızlıklarını kazanan Efes, Tralleis (Aydın), Afrodisias, Miletos gibi kentlerde Helenistlik Çağ kültür ve sanat etkinliklerinde ön plandadırlar.
Her ne kadar M.Ö. 30’da Bergama krallığı vasiyet yolu ile Roma imparatorluğuna bağlanarak Helenistik çağ son bulur ise de, bu kültür Anadolu’da M.S. 1.yüzyıl sonlarına kadar sürer.
Sardes, Lidya’nin başşehri, altın ve mücevher yapım kenti
Sardes Lidya’nın başşehriydi (Günümüzdeki Salihli çevresi). Varlıklarını MÖ 700 yıllarından sonra göstermeye başlamışlardır. Lisanları İndo-Avrupa köklere dayansa da, eski Anadolu dillerinden öğeler de barındırmaktaydı. Lidya sınırları zamanla genişleyerek, komşuları Figya ve İyonya toprakları içlerine kadar geçmiştir. MÖ 546’da Pers’lerin Anadolu’yu işgalinden sonra Lidya yok oldu ve diğer tüm Anadolu şehirleri gibi bir Pers eyaleti haline geldi.
Sardes doğu ve batı ticaret güzergahlarının kesiştiği bir noktadaydı. Daha doğru bir biçimde söylemek gerekirse, tüm yollar Sardes’e çıkıyordu çünkü Tmolos Dağının (Güneyde, Paktalos nehri yanındaki Bozdağ) vadisinin alüvyal çamurundan altın toplanıyordu. Yani Sardes’liler altın cevherini arıtma ve işleme konusunda ustaydılar. O zamana dek, ticarette takas aracı olarak altın çubuklar kullanılıyordu.
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